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CMOS Circuits

Our principal research interests lie in analogue, digital and mixed signal CMOS Circuit design. Specially, we design CMOS Image Sensors and related circuits including data converters and line drivers. We are perticularly interested in application specific image sensors including, wide dynamic range image sensors and high speed imagers in standard CMOS technologies.

We have been exploring logarithmic imagers using the the subthreshold region of operation of MOS transistors. These imagers compress the input signal, very much like the human eye. Experience with such pixels encouraged us to explore new designs with low temporal noise. The research has led to development of a new pixel design, which can be used to generate any transfer characteristics between the input light and output voltage. This has enabled us to develop image process pixels with one particular application being tone mapping thereby capturing images which can be directly displayed on screen with low dynamic range.

One direction of future research is to produce better cameras for special purpose applications, particularly for high intensity radiotherapy. In addition, we are currently also working on integrating More-than-Moore structures like plasmonic filters and terahertz resonators onto image sensors. We are also making intelligent image sensors for planning transportation in dense urban environment as well as reducing the data output of modern generation image sensor.

Our publications in the field includes

Full Papers

• A. Bablich, M. Müller, P. Kienitz, R. Bornemann, C.O. Otieno, B. Butz, B. Choubey and P. Haring-Bolívar, “High-Speed Nonlinear Focus-Induced Photoresponse in Amorphous Silicon Photodetectors for Ultrasensitive 3D Imaging Applications”, Scientific reports, 12, Article number: 10178, 2022
• M.W. Chaudhary, A, Henig and B. Choubey, “Holistic Die-to-Die Interface Design Methodology for 2.5D Multi-Chip-Module Systems”, in the IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, Vol 11, no. 12, pp 2172-2182, December 2021 
• A. Brunetti and B. Choubey, “A Low Dark Current 160 dB Logarithmic Pixel with Low Voltage Photodiode Biasing”, in Electronics, Vol. 10, Article 109, May 2021
• A.  Brunetti, M. Musolino and B. Choubey, “Staggered pixel layout to reduce  area and increase full well capacity in CMOS image sensors”, in the IEEE  Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 572-577, Feb.  2021
• D. Levski, M. Waeny and B. Choubey, “Compensation of Signal-Dependent Readout Noise in Photon Transfer Curve Characterisation of CMOS Image Sensors”, in the IEEE Transactions in Circuits and Systems – II, Volume:  68, Issue: 1, pp 102 – 105, Jan. 2021
• A. Brunetti and B. Choubey, “A Low Dark Current 160 dB Logarithmic Pixel with Low Voltage Photodiode Biasing”, in Electronics, Vol. 10, Article 109, May 2021
• O. Krestinskaya, B. Choubey and A.P. James, “Memristive GAN in Analog", Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Article number 5838, 2020
• W. Mughal and B. Choubey, “On Wide Dynamic Range Tone Mapping CMOS Image Sensor”, in Sensing and Imaging, Vol 21, Article No 33, 2020
• A. Brunetti, M. Musolino, S. Strangio and B. Choubey, “Pixel design driven performance improvement in 4T CMOS Image Sensors: Dark Current reduction and Full-Well enhancement” in IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. 67, Issue 1, pp 409-412, January 2020
• D. Levski, M. Waeny and B. Choubey, “A 1 μs Ramp Time 12-bit Column-Parallel Flash TDC-Interpolated Single-Slope ADC with Digital Delay-Element Calibration”, in the IEEE Transactions in Circuits and Systems – I, Volume: 66, Issue: 1, pp 54-67, January 2019
• J. Liu, G. Faulkner, B. Choubey, S. Collins and D. O’Brien, “An Optical Transceiver Powered by On-chip Solar Cells for IoT Smart Dusts with Optical Wireless Communications”, in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 3248-3256, April 2019
• J. Liu, G. Faulkner, B. Choubey, S. Collins and D. O'Brien, “A tunable passband logarithmic photodetector for IoT smart dusts”, in IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, no. 13, pp 5321-5328, July 2018
• N. Yassine, S. Barker, K. Hayatleh, B. Choubey and R. Nagulapalli, “Simulation of Driver Fatigue Monitoring via Blink Rate Detection, using 65nm CMOS Technology”.  in Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Volume 95, Issue 3, Pages 409–414, 2018
• D. Levski, M. Waeny and B. Choubey, “Ramp Noise Projection in CMOS Image Sensor Single-Slope ADCs”, in the IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol: 64, no 6, pp 1380-1389, June 2017
• L. Gouvia and B. Choubey, “Advances on CMOS Image Sensors”, Sensors Review, Vol. 36 Issue: 3, pp 231-239, 2016
• J. Liu, G. Faulkner, B. Choubey, R. Chen, D. O'Brien and S. Collins “Optically Powered Energy Source in a Standard CMOS Process for Integration in Smart Dust Applications”, IEEE Journal of Electron Devices, Vol.2, no.6, pp.158-163, Nov. 2014
• H.Y. Cheng, B. Choubey and S. Collins “An Integrating Wide Dynamic Range Image Sensor with a Logarithmic Response”, IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. 56, No 11, pp 2423-2428, November 2009
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “Wide dynamic range CMOS pixels with reduced dark current”, Analog Integrated Circuit and Signal Processing, Volume 56, Issue 1-2, pp. 53-60, August 2008
• S. Otim, B. Choubey, D. Joseph and S. Collins “Characterization and Simple Fixed Pattern Noise Correction in Wide Dynamic Range Logarithmic Imagers”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Volume 56, Issue 5, pp. 1910 – 1916, October 2007
• H.Y. Cheng, B. Choubey and S. Collins “A High Dynamic Range Integrating Pixel with an Adaptive Logarithmic Response”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. Vol. 19(15), pp. 1169 – 1171, August, 2007
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “Models for pixels with wide dynamic range combined linear and logarithmic response”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Volume 7, Issue 7, pp. 1066 – 1072, July 2007
• B. Choubey, S. Ayoama, S. Otim, D. Joseph and S. Collins. “An electronic calibration scheme for logarithmic CMOS image sensors”, IEEE Sensors Journal, Volume 6, No. 4, pp. 950 – 956, August 2006
• A. Makarov, V. Lukic and B. Choubey “Real-Time Vehicle Speed Estimation Based on License Plate Tracking in Monocular Video Sequences”, Sensor and Transducers, Vol. 197(2), pp. 78-86, February 2016
• W. Mughal, L. Gouvia and B. Choubey “On Threshold Comparing Biomorphic Image Sensors”, in Proceedia Computer Science. Vol. 41, pp 140–145, 2014
• H.Y. Cheng, B. Choubey and S. Collins, “A Novel Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Image Sensor with Adjustable Logarithmic Photo-Response”, Invited, Mediterranean Journal of Electronics, Vol.3, No.2, pp 40-46, April 2007

• S. S. Panda and B. Choubey, “A Compact Active Quenching and Recharge Pixel Circuit for Single Photon Imaging Sensors”, in Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors, 2022
• S. Panda, Z. Li and B. Choubey, “Tuneable Breakdown Voltage in Amorphous Silicon P-I-N Photo-detectors for Single Photon Imaging”, in Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology, 2022
• W. Choudhary, A. Heinig and B. Choubey, “Interconnect Aware Power Optimization of Low Swing Driver for Multi-Chip Interfaces”, in IEEE 27th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits & Systems, 2020
• W. Choudhary, A. Heinig and B. Choubey, “Energy-Area Aware Channel Design for Multi-Chip Interfaces”, in IEEE 29th Conference on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging and Systems, 2020
• W. Choudhary, B. Choubey and A. Heinig, “13-Gb/S Transmitter for Bunch of Wires Chip-to-Chip Interface Standard”, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Springfield, USA, 2020
• V. Kizheppatt, B. Choubey and A. P. James. “Reconfigurable Threshold Logic Networks in FPGA for Moving Object Detection”, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Dallas, USA, 2019
• O. Krestinskaya, B. Choubey and A. P. James, “AM- DCGAN: Analog Memristive Hardware Accelerator for Deep Convolutional” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Hokkaido, Japan, 2019
• Anuar Dorzhigulov, B. Choubey and A. P. James, “Current Controlled neuro-Fuzzy Membership Function Generation”, in Proceedings of IEEE 61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2018
• M. Raja and B. Choubey, “Pixels for Curved Focal Plane Arrays Using Organic Photosensitive Devices”, Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, Glasgow, November, 2017
• F. Giorgio and B. Choubey, “A Compact 14-Bit 110 Ks/S Two-Stage Incremental signa-delta ADC for CMOS Image Sensors”, in Proceedings of the IEEE 60th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Boston, MA, USA, August, 2017
• D. Levski, M. Waeny and B. Choubey, “12-bit Column-Parallel Flash TDC-Interpolated Ramp ADC with Digital Delay Element Correction” in Proceedings of the International Image Sensors Workshop, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan, 2017
• A. Brunetti and B. Choubey, “A low dark current wide dynamic range CMOS pixel” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Montreal, Canada, May, 2016
• N. Pinton, B. Choubey. S. Collins and D. Cumming, “Recent progress in plasmonic colour filters for image sensor and multispectral applications” in Proceedings of the SPIE- 9884, Nanophotonics VI, Photonics Europe, April 2016, Brussels
• A. Bruunetti, M Waeny and B. Choubey “A logarithmic low dark current CMOS pixel”, Proceedings of the SPIE - 9899, Optical Sensing and Detection IV, Photonics Europe, April 2016, Brussels
• D. Levski, M. Waeny and B. Choubey “On noise in time-delay integration CMOS image sensors”, Proceedings of the SPIE - 9891, Silicon Photonics and Photonic Integrated Circuits V, Photonics Europe, April 2016, Brussels
• A. Makarov, V. Lukic, G. Tao and B. Choubey, “Vehicle speed estimation from partially calibrated monocular images”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensors Engineering and Electronics Instrumental Advances (SEIA), Dubai, November, 2015
• W. Mughal and B. Choubey, “Fixed pattern noise correction for wide dynamic CMOS image sensor with Reinhard ton mapping operator” in Proceedings of the IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference, Oslo, 2015
• W. Mughal, L. Gouveia and B. Choubey, “On Threshold Comparing Biomorphic Image Sensors" Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the BICA Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 2014
• L. Gouveia and B. Choubey, “On Evolution of CMOS Image Sensors”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensing Technology, Liverpool, 2014
• W. Mughal, L. Gouveia and B. Choubey, “A reconfigurable CMOS pixel for applying tone mapping on high dynamic range images”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Montevideo, 2014
• L. Gouveia and B. Choubey, “A Programmable NMOS Pixel for Wide Dynamic Range Imaging” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensing Technology, Kolkata, December 2012
• B. Choubey, “A wide dynamic range CMOS pixel with Steven's power law response”, Proceedings of the SPIE – Vol. 7780, SPIE Optics and Photonics - Photonic Devices and Applications, San Diego, August, 2010
• B. Choubey, H.Y. Cheng and S. Collins “A wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor with adjustable logarithmic response”, Proceedings of the SPIE – Vol. 6816, Electronic Imaging, San Jose, USA, January 2008
• B. Choubey, “The new digital camera: industrial changes through university innovation and entrepreneurship”, Proceedings of the Second Annual Max Planck - Indian Institute of Science International Conference on Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth, at Bangalore, India, 25-27 October 2007
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “Fixed pattern noise correction for wide dynamic range linear-logarithmic pixel”, Proceedings of the 50th IEEE Midwest Conference on Circuits and Systems, Montreal, August, 2007
• H.Y. Cheng, B. Choubey and S. Collins, "A novel wide dynamic range CMOS image sensor with adjustable logarithmic photo-response", Proceedings of the Biennial Analogue Signal Processing Conference, Oxford, UK, November, 2006
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, "FPN Correction in CMOS Pixels with WDR Combined Linear and Logarithmic Response", Proceedings of the Biennial Analogue Signal Processing Conference, Oxford, UK, November, 2006
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “Fixed pattern noise in image sensors with combined linear and logarithmic response”, International Congress of Imaging Science, Rochester, New York, June 2006
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “On dark current reduction techniques in logarithmic image sensors”, Proceedings of the International Congress of Imaging Science, Rochester, New York, June 2006
• B. Choubey and S. Collins, “Low dark current logarithmic pixels”, Proceedings of the 47th IEEE International Midwest Conference on Circuits and Systems, Cincinnati, USA, Vol. 1, Pages 376-379, August 2005. Myril B. Reed award for the best paper
• S. Otim, B. Choubey, D. Joseph and S. Collins “Simplified fixed pattern noise correction scheme for logarithmic pixels”, Proceedings of the IEEE workshop on CCDs and Advanced Image Sensors, Kobe, Japan, May 2005
• B. Choubey, S. Ayoama, S. Otim, D. Joseph and S. Collins “A 200X100 array of electronically calibratable logarithmic CMOS pixels”, Proceedings of the Analog Signal Processing Conference, Oxford, November 2004
• B. Choubey, S. Ayoama, S. Otim, D. Joseph and S. Collins “An electronic calibration scheme for logarithmic CMOS pixels”, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vancouver, Canada, May 2004
• S. Otim, D. Joseph, B. Choubey, and S. Collins “Modelling of high dynamic range logarithmic CMOS image sensors” Proceedings of the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Como, Italy, May 2004

Conference abstracts

• K. Zhang, C.M. Chen, B. Choubey and H. Alexander, “Roll-to-Roll Processable OTFT Sensors and Amplifier”, in AVS 65th International Symposium & Exhibition
• A. Brunetti, M. Waeny and B. Choubey, “Resolution and Fill Factor Enhancement by Pixel Layout Staggering” in Oxford Circuits and Systems Conference, 2017
• D. Levski and B. Choubey, “Conceptual 12-bit Column-Parallel Time-Domain Binary Search TDC Interpolated Single-Slope ADC architecture with Delay-Element Calibration” in Oxford Circuits and Systems Conference, 2017
• W. Mughal and B. Choubey, “Wide dynamic range tone mapping image sensor pixel” in Oxford Circuits and Systems Conference, 2017
• N. Yassine, K. Hayatleh, B. Choubey, S. Barker and A. Bradley, “Driver Fatigue Monitoring Using Blink Rate Detection”, in Oxford Circuits and Systems Conference, 2017
• A. Makarov, V. Lukic, S. Lukic and B. Choubey, “A Stereoscopic Rig for Speed Enforcement”, in IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference 2016

Book Chapters

• B. Choubey, W. Mughal and L. Gouveia, Circuits for high performance CMOS image sensors”, in High performance silicon imaging- Fundamentals and applications of CMOS and CCD sensors, edited by Daniel Durrini, Woodhead Publishing, 2014
• B. Choubey, “Fixed Pattern Noise” Invited chapter in the Encyclopaedia of Optical Engineering, edited by Ronald G. Driggers, Published by Taylor and Francis, 2011
• B. Choubey, “CMOS Sensors for Wide Dynamic Range Imaging” Invited chapter in the Advances in Electrical Engineering Research, Nova Science Publishers, 2011
• S. Collins, B. Choubey, HY Cheng and S. Otim, “Wide dynamic range CMOS cameras”, Chapter in the Circuits at the Nanoscale: Communications, Imaging, and Sensing, CRC Press, 2008